Missing values constituted less than 2% of all data points and were addressed using the expectation–maximization algorithm. Multivariate outliers were identified using Mahalanobis distance (critical ...
Missing values were imputed using the Expectation–Maximization method for continuous variables and the mode for categorical variables. Patients with more than 20% missing data were excluded.
Algorithms and Data Structures - 2nd Workshop, WADS '91 Ottawa, Canada, August 14–16, 1991 Proceedings, Frank Dehne & Jörg-Rüdiger Sack (1991) [pdf] Uncertainty in Knowledge Bases - 3rd International ...
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